To support further research and policy interventions, we publicly release privacy-protected statistics on social capital by ZIP code at. Differences in economic connectedness can explain well-known relationships between upward income mobility and racial segregation, poverty rates, and inequality 12, 13, 14. If children with low-SES parents were to grow up in counties with economic connectedness comparable to that of the average child with high-SES parents, their incomes in adulthood would increase by 20% on average. Other social capital measures are not strongly associated with economic mobility. The share of high-SES friends among individuals with low SES-which we term economic connectedness-is among the strongest predictors of upward income mobility identified to date 10, 11. We demonstrate the importance of distinguishing these forms of social capital by analysing their associations with economic mobility across areas. These measures vary substantially across areas, but are not highly correlated with each other. We measure and analyse three types of social capital by ZIP (postal) code in the United States: (1) connectedness between different types of people, such as those with low versus high socioeconomic status (SES) (2) social cohesion, such as the extent of cliques in friendship networks and (3) civic engagement, such as rates of volunteering.
Here, in the first of a pair of papers 9, we use data on 21 billion friendships from Facebook to study social capital.
However, efforts to understand what types of social capital matter for these outcomes have been hindered by a lack of social network data. Social capital-the strength of an individual’s social network and community-has been identified as a potential determinant of outcomes ranging from education to health 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
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